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South Asia

Map of South Asia
Countries 7 to 10 (see page)
Territories 1 or 2 (see page)
GDP
GDP per capita
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}}{{#if:||.}} {{#if:|}}</ref>, Dhivehi, Dogri, Dzongkha, English, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Marathi, Manipuri, Nepali, Oriya, Pashto, Persian, Punjabi, Urdu, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Sinhala, Siraiki, Tamil, Telugu, Tibetan, and others

Time Zones UTC +8:00 (Tibet, PRC) to UTC +3:30 (Iran)
Largest Cities Colombo, Dhaka, Diego Garcia, Kabul, Karachi, Kathmandu, Lhasa, Malé, Mumbai, Tehran, Thimpu, and Yangon
Various definitions of South Asia.
UN Subregion of Southern Asia.

South Asia, also known as Southern Asia, is a southern region of the Asian continent, which comprises the sub-Himalayan countries and, for some authorities (see below), also includes the adjoining countries on the west and the east. It is surrounded (clockwise, from west to east) by Western Asia, Central Asia, Eastern Asia, and Southeastern Asia.

Contents

Definitions and usage

South Asia consists of the following countries and territories:

These countries, except the British Indian Ocean Territory, are also currently members of a regional co-operation group, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), which was jointly formed by them. For assumed geographic, cultural, and/or historical reasons{{#if:||{{#if:Category:Articles with unsourced statements|[[Category:Articles with unsourced statements {{#if:February 2008|from February 2008}}]]{{#if:February 2008|{{#ifexist:Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008||}}}}}}}}{{#if:citation needed|[{{#if:|{{{pre-text}}} }}citation needed{{#if:| {{{post-text}}}}}]|}}{{#ifeq:|{{subst:NAMESPACE}}||}}, the following countries and territories are often included in South Asia:

The United Nations also includes Iran, but not Tibet or Burma, as part of Southern Asia:<ref>Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings, United Nations website</ref>

Geophysically, the term Indian subcontinent is used to describe those regions which lie on the Indian Plate, bordered on the north by the Eurasian Plate. However, a good proportion of the Pakistani land mass is not on the Indian plate, but on the fringes of the Iranian plateau. As in the case of the Hindukush mountains, everything to the south-east of the Iranian Plateau is considered South Asia. But, geopolitically, Southern Asia subsumes the Indian subcontinent and includes both, the territories found internal to the Indian Plate and those in proximity to it. Afghanistan, for instance, is sometimes grouped in this region due to socio-political, historical, and ethnic (Pashtun) ties to neighbouring Pakistan.

Differences in definitions

The definition of South Asia can vary greatly from person to person. Most sources accept Bangladesh, Bhutan, the Chagos Islands, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka as South Asian. Most of the controversy originates over Afghanistan, Iran, and Tibet. Afghanistan and Tibet are often considered South Asian by the Departments of South Asian Studies of several universities, especially those referred to above; but this definition is by no means universal. Another controversy grows over Iran, for Iran is considered South Asian by the UN on the one hand, but none of those departments above on the other. The G8's definition of the Greater Middle East further obfuscates matters by including both Pakistan and Afghanistan. See: Middle East and Greater Middle East. Controversial race researcher Richard Lynn has defined Southern Asia as "from Bangladesh in the east through India, Pakistan, Iraq, Iran, the Gulf states, the near East, and Turkey".<ref>Race Differences in Intelligence by Richard Lynn pg 79, 2006</ref>

Geography

Natural vegetation in India:Template:CrlfTemplate:Crlf
     Tropical thorny vegetation      Alpine & sub-alpine
     Himalayan dry temperate      Himalayan moist temperate
     Sub-tropical coniferous      Tropical moist deciduous
     Tropical wet evergreen      Tropical semi evergreen
     Tropical dry deciduous

Boundaries

Climate

varied

Environment

Economy

Demography and history

History

Further information: History of South Asia{{#if: |,}}{{#if: | and}}{{#if: | [[]]}}{{#if: |,}}{{#if: | and}}{{#if: | [[]]}}{{#if: |,}}{{#if: | and}}{{#if: | [[]]}}{{#if: |,}}{{#if: | and}}{{#if: | [[]]}}{{#if: |,}}{{#if: | and}}{{#if: | [[]]}}{{#if: |,}}{{#if: | and}}{{#if: | [[]]}}{{#if: |,}}{{#if: | and}}{{#if: | [[]]}}{{#if: |, and [[]]}}

The peoples of the region possess several distinguishing features that set them apart anthropologically from the rest of Asia; the dominant peoples and cultures are Indo-Aryan and Dravidian, (though the Mongoloid populations in north-east India, Bhutan, Nepal and Tibet are not to be ignored), and have a great affinity with the peoples of Iranian Plateau and the Caucasus particularly in the north west region of South Asia encompassing the modern states of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Persian, Arab and Turkish cultural traditions from the west also form an integral part of Islamic South Asian culture, but have been adapted to form a Muslim culture distinct from what is found in the Middle East e.g. pilgrimage to dargahs is common among many South Asian Muslims.

South Asia ranks among the world's most densely-populated regions. About 1.6 billion people live here—about one-fourth of all the people in the world. The region's population density of 305 persons per square kilometre is more than seven times the world average.

The region has a long history. Ancient civilizations developed in the Indus River Valley and the Dwaraka region. The region was far more prosperous before the 18th century, when the Mughal Empire held sway in the north and the Maratha Empire held sway in the south and central regions of the Indian peninsula. Subsequently, European encroachments, initially by Portugal and the Netherlands,and later by France and British colonialism, led to political destabilisation of the region, leading finally to almost complete occupation and rule by the British. Christianity, western culture, modern health care and liberal education got a favourable climate to prosper in their times. The region became a rich source of revenues and raw materials for Britain and a vast captive market for the products of western industrial revolution, adversely affecting centuries old local industries and craftsmen. On the plus side, British economic needs and military considerations led to development of an efficient network of means of transportation and communication as well as banking and training of requisite workforce; the existing rail, post, telegraph, bank and education facilities have evolved out of the base established in the colonial era, often called the British Raj. Most of the region gained independence from Europe by the late 1940s.

Since 1947, most South Asian countries have achieved tremendous progress in all spheres. Most notable achievements are in the fields of education; industry; health care; information technology and services based on its applications; research in the fields of cutting edge sciences and technologies; defence related self-reliance projects; international/global trade and business enterprises and outsourcing of human resources. Areas of difficulty remain, however, including religious extremism, high levels of corruption, disagreements on political boundaries, and inequitable distribution of wealth.

Ethnic groups, cultures and languages

Map of South Asia in native languages.

South Asia, which consists of the nations of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, is ethnically diverse, with more than 2,000 ethnic entities with populations ranging from hundreds of millions to small tribal groups. South Asia has been invaded and settled by many ethnic groups over the centuries including various Dravidian, Indo-Aryan and Iranian groups. The amalgamation of Dravidian, Indo-Aryan and local tribal cultures over the centuries created common culture, traditions and beliefs. The Vedic Sanskrit language and Vedic religion combined Indo-Aryan, Dravidian and local tribal beliefs to give rise to the ancient South Asian religions of Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and also Sikhism, even though Sufi tradition of Islam had also significantly influenced nascent Sikhism and its holiest scripture. As a consequence, they share many similar cultural practices, festivals, and traditions. Throughout time, the traditions of different ethnic groups in South Asia have diverged, sometimes giving rise to strong local traditions, such as South Indian culture in earlier times. Other ethnic groups, successively streaming in later mainly from Central Asia and Iran, e.g. Sakas, Kushans, Huns etc. influenced pre-existing south Asian cultures; the last of these new arrivals - the Turks and Pathans - brought in much cultural influence and the Abrahamic religion of Islam to the Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtun, Baloch and Kashmiri people in the northwestern parts of South Asia, to North India and to Bangladesh{{#if:||{{#if:Category:Articles with unsourced statements|[[Category:Articles with unsourced statements {{#if:March 2008|from March 2008}}]]{{#if:March 2008|{{#ifexist:Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008||}}}}}}}}{{#if:citation needed|[{{#if:|{{{pre-text}}} }}citation needed{{#if:| {{{post-text}}}}}]|}}{{#ifeq:|{{subst:NAMESPACE}}||}}. However, their Turkish/Persian languages have ceased to be prominent; replaced now by Urdu, a syncretic language of combined Hindi-Persian-Turkic-Arabic heritage. The largest spoken language in this region is now Hindi, its speakers numbering almost 300 million{{#if:||{{#if:Category:Articles with unsourced statements|[[Category:Articles with unsourced statements {{#if:March 2008|from March 2008}}]]{{#if:March 2008|{{#ifexist:Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008||}}}}}}}}{{#if:citation needed|[{{#if:|{{{pre-text}}} }}citation needed{{#if:| {{{post-text}}}}}]|}}{{#ifeq:|{{subst:NAMESPACE}}||}}; the second largest spoken language is Bengali, with 240 million{{#if:||{{#if:Category:Articles with unsourced statements|[[Category:Articles with unsourced statements {{#if:March 2008|from March 2008}}]]{{#if:March 2008|{{#ifexist:Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008||}}}}}}}}{{#if:citation needed|[{{#if:|{{{pre-text}}} }}citation needed{{#if:| {{{post-text}}}}}]|}}{{#ifeq:|{{subst:NAMESPACE}}||}} speakers. Other languages of this region fall into a few major linguistic groups: the Dravidian languages and the Indo-Aryan languages, a sub-branch of the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European languages. Many Tibeto-Burman ethnic groups, who are speakers of their language-group, are found in northeast India, Tibet, Nepal, and Bhutan. Other small groups, speaking Austro-Asiatic languages, are also present in South Asia. English is another language which dominates South Asia, especially as a medium of advanced education and government administration; ethnic Englishmen and other Britons are now practically absent after their two centuries long colonial presence, although they have left an imprint of western culture in the elite society.

Writing

Template:Sectstub Much of South Asia writes using various abugidas of Brahmic origin. South Asian languages such as Urdu, Pashto, and Sindhi use derivatives of the Perso-Arabic script. Not all languages in South Asia follow this strict dichotomy though. For example, Kashmiri is written in both the Perso-Arabic script and in the Devanagari script. The same can be said for Punjabi, which is written in both Shahmukhi and Gurmukhī. Dhivehi is written in a script called Tāna that shows characteristics of both the Arabic alphabet and of an abugida.

Religions

Template:AFG<ref name=AfgCIA>CIA - The World Factbook - Afghanistan</ref> Sunni Muslim (80%), Shi'a Muslim (19%), other (1%)
Template:BAN<ref name=BanCIA>Bangladesh : AT A GLANCE</ref> Muslim (89.8%), Hindu (9.2%), Buddhist (1.6%), Christian (1.3%),Believers in tribal faiths (0.1%)
Template:IOT<ref name=IOTCIA>The Association of Religion Data Archives | National Profiles</ref> Christian (45.55%), Hindu (38.55%), Muslim (9.25%), Non-Religious (6.50%), Atheist (0.10%), Other (0.05%)
Template:BHU<ref name=BhuCIA>CIA - The World Factbook</ref> Buddhist (75%), Hindu (25%)
Template:IND<ref name=IndCIA>http://www.censusindia.net/religiondata/presentation_on_religion.pdf</ref> Hindu (80.5%), Muslim (13.4%), Christian (2.3%), Sikh (1.9%), Buddhist (0.8%), Jain (0.4%), Others (0.6%)
Template:IRN<ref name=IrnCIA>CIA - The World Factbook</ref> Shi'a Muslim (89%), Sunni Muslim (9%), Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and Baha'i (2%)
Template:MDV<ref name=MdvCIA>Maldives - maldives religion</ref> Sunni Muslim (100%) (One must be a Sunni Muslim to be a citizen on the Maldives{{#if:{{#if:Category:Articles with unsourced statements|[[Category:Articles with unsourced statements {{#if:January 2008|from January 2008}}]]{{#if:January 2008|{{#ifexist:Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008}}}}}}}}{{#if:citation needed|[{{#if:|{{{pre-text}}} }}citation needed{{#if:| {{{post-text}}}}}]|}}{{#ifeq:|{{subst:NAMESPACE}}||}})
Template:MYA<ref name=MyaCIA>CIA - The World Factbook - Burma</ref> Theravada Buddhism (89%), Muslim (4%), Christian (4%) (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Animist (1%), others (including Hinduism) (2%)
Template:NEP<ref name=NepCIA>NEPAL</ref> Hindu (80.6%), Buddhist (10.7%), Muslim (4.2%), Kirat (3.6%)
Template:PAK<ref name=PakCIA>http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_religion.pdf</ref> Muslim (96.28%), Christian (1.59%), Hindu (0.25%), Ahmadi (0.22%)
Template:SRI<ref name=SriCIA>http://www.statistics.gov.lk/census2001/population/ds_div/t001b.htm</ref> Theravada Buddhist (70.42%), Hindu (10.89%), Muslim (8.78%), Catholic (7.77%), Other Christian (1.96%), Other (0.13%)
Tibet, PRC Buddhist, Bön, Hindu, Muslim, and others {{#if:{{#if:Category:Articles with unsourced statements|[[Category:Articles with unsourced statements {{#if:February 2008|from February 2008}}]]{{#if:February 2008|{{#ifexist:Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008}}}}}}}}{{#if:citation needed|[{{#if:|{{{pre-text}}} }}citation needed{{#if:| {{{post-text}}}}}]|}}{{#ifeq:|{{subst:NAMESPACE}}||}}

Territory and region data

Name of country/region, with flag Area
(km²) 		Population Population density
(per km²) 		Capital GDP (Total) GDP (Per capita) Currency Government Official languages Coat of Arms
Afghanistan (see above) 647,500 31,889,923 46 Kabul $32.4 billion $1,490 Afghan afghani Islamic republic Dari (Persian), Pashto <ref name="AfgCIA">{{ 
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Bangladesh 144,000 150,448,340 1045 Dhaka $331.9 billion $2,245 Taka Parliamentary republic Bengali
Bhutan 47,000 672,425 45 Thimphu $4.39 billion $5,477 Ngultrum, Indian rupee Constitutional monarchy Dzongkha
British Indian Ocean Territory 60 3,500 58.3 Diego Garcia Pound sterling British Overseas Territory English
India 3,287,590 1,128,808,000 329 New Delhi $4042.268 billion $3690 Indian rupee Federal republic, Parliamentary democracy Hindi, English and 20 other official languages
Iran (see above) 1,648,195 71,208,000 42 Tehran $610 billion $8,887 Iranian rial Islamic republic Persian, Constitutional status for regional languages <ref>ICL - Iran - Constitution</ref>
Maldives 298 298,842 1,105 Malé $2.569 billion $7,675 Rufiyaa Republic Dhivehi File:Maldives National Emblem.svg.png
Myanmar (see above) 676,578 55,400,000 75 Yangon $93.77 billion $1,691 Myanmar kyat Military Junta Burmese; Jingpho, Shan, Karen, Mon, (Spoken in Myanmar's Autonomous States.)
Nepal 147,181 28,901,790 184 Kathmandu $41.18 billion $1,500 Nepalese rupee Interim government Nepali
Pakistan 880,940 162,423,000 206 Islamabad $427.3 billion $2577.12 Pakistani rupee Islamic Republic Urdu, English, Balochi, Pashto, Punjabi, Siraiki, Sindhi<ref name="mothertongues">{{ 
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Sri Lanka 65,610 19,668,000 310 Sri Jayawardenapura-Kotte $86.72 billion $4,600 Sri Lankan rupee Democratic Socialist Republic Sinhala, Tamil
Tibet Autonomous Region, PRC (see above) 1,228,400 2,740,000 2.2 Lhasa CNY 29.01 billion CNY 10,322 Chinese yuan Autonomous region of China Tibetan, Chinese

See also

Other subregions in Asia

References

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External links

Retrieved from "http://pakzee.com/wiki/South_Asia"
   
 
 




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