Nanga Parbat

From Pakzee

Template:Infobox Mountain Template:Location map Nanga Parbat (Urdu: نانگا پربت) is the ninth highest mountain on Earth. Nanga Parbat means "Naked Mountain" in Urdu, parbat deriving from the Sanskrit word parvata (पर्वत) meaning "mountain"<ref>Sanskrit, Tamil and Pahlavi Dictionaries</ref>. Nanga Parbat was one of the deadliest of the eight-thousanders for climbers in the first half of the twentieth century; since that time it has been less so, though still an extremely serious climb. It is also an immense, dramatic peak that rises far above its surrounding terrain. Nanga Parbat is also famous as Killer Mountain because of the difficulties that mountaineers face to reach its summit.

Location

Nanga Parbat is the western anchor of the Himalayas, and is the westernmost eight-thousander. It lies just south of the Indus River, in the Astore District of the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Not far to the north is the western end of the Karakoram range.

Notable features

Nanga Parbat has tremendous vertical relief over local terrain in all directions. To the south, Nanga Parbat boasts what is often referred to as the highest mountain face in the world: the Rupal Face rises an incredible 4,600 m (15,000 feet) above its base. To the north, the complex, somewhat more gently sloped Rakhiot Flank rises 7,000 m (22,966 feet) from the Indus River valley to the summit in just 27 km, one of the 10 greatest elevation gains in so short a distance on Earth.

File:ApproachingNangaParbat.JPG

Approaching Nanga Parbat Base Camp

Layout of the mountain

The core of Nanga Parbat is a long ridge trending southwest-northeast. The ridge is an enormous bulk of ice and rock. It has three faces, Diamir face, Raikot and Rupal. The southwestern portion of this main ridge is known as the Mazeno Wall, and has a number of subsidiary peaks. In the other direction, the main ridge arcs northeast at Raikot Peak (7,070 meters). The south/southeast side of the mountain is dominated by the massive Rupal Face, noted above. The north/northwest side of the mountain, leading to the Indus, is more complex. It is split into the Diamir (west) face and the Raikot (north) face by a long ridge. There are a number of subsidiary summits, including North Peak (7,816 m) some 3 km north of the main summit. Near the base of the Rupal Face is a beautiful glacial lake called Latbo, above a seasonal shepherds' village of the same name.

Climbing history

Early attempts

File:Nanga parbat abdul rafey.jpg

Nanga Parbat From Deosai

Climbing attempts started very early on Nanga Parbat. In 1895 Albert F. Mummery led an expedition to the peak, and reached almost 7,000 m on the Diamir (West) Face, but Mummery and two Gurkha companions later died reconnoitering the Raikot Face.

In the 1930s, Nanga Parbat became the focus of German interest in the Himalaya. The German mountaineers were unable to attempt Mount Everest, as only the British had access to Tibet. Initially German efforts focussed on Kanchenjunga, to which Paul Bauer led two expeditions in 1930 and 1931, but with its long ridges and steep faces Kanchenjunga was more difficult than Everest and neither expedition made much progress. K2 was known to be harder still, and its remoteness meant that even reaching its base would be a major undertaking. Nanga Parbat was therefore the highest mountain accessible to Germans which they seemed to have a chance of climbing.<ref>{{

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The first German expedition to Nanga Parbat was led by Willy Merkl in 1932. It is sometimes referred to as a German-American expedition, as the eight climbers inclided Rand Herron, an American, and Fritz Wiessner, who would become an American citizen the following year. While the team were all strong climbers, none had Himalayan experience, and poor planning (particularly an inadequate number of porters), coupled with bad weather, prevented the team progressing far beyond the Raikot Peak, but they did establish the feasibility of a route via Raikot Peak and the main ridge.<ref>{{

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Merkl led another expedition in 1934, which was better prepared and financed with the full backing of the new Nazi government. Early in the expedition Alfred Drexel died, probably of high altitude pulmonary edema, <ref>Neale, pp.123-130</ref> then on the 7th July sixteen men were trapped by a ferocious storm at 7480m. During the desperate retreat that followed, three Germans, including Merkl, and six Sherpas died of exhaustion, exposure and altitude sickness, and several more suffered severe frostbite. The last survivor to reach safety, Ang Tsering, did so having spent seven days battling through the storm.<ref>Mason pp. 230-233</ref> It has been said that the disaster, "for sheer protracted agony, has no parallel in climbing annals."<ref>{{

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In 1937, Karl Wien led another expedition to the mountain, following the same route as Merkl's expeditions had done. Progress was made, but more slowly than before due to heavy snowfall. Some time around the 14th of June seven Germans and nine Sherpas, almost the entire team, were at Camp IV below Raikot Peak when it was overwhelmed by an avalanche. All sixteen men died instantly, in what remains the worst single disaster to occur on an 8000m peak.<ref>Neale, pp.212-213</ref>

The Germans returned in 1938 led by Paul Bauer, but the expedition was plagued by bad weather and Bauer, mindful of the previous disasters, ordered the party down before the Silver Saddle was reached.<ref>Mason pp.236-237</ref> The following year a small four man expedition, including Heinrich Harrer, explored the Diamir Face with the aim of finding an easier route. They concluded that the face was a viable route, but the Second World War intervened and the four men were interned in India.<ref>Mason pp.238-239</ref> Harrer's escape and subsequent travels became the subject of his book Seven Years in Tibet.

First ascent

Nanga Parbat was first climbed on July 3, 1953 by Austrian climber Hermann Buhl, a member of a German-Austrian team. By the time of this expedition, 31 people had already died on the mountain.<Ref>This includes two British climbers who disappeared low on the mountain in December 1950. They were studying conditions on the Rakhoit glacier, not attempting the summit. See Mason p.306.</ref> The final push for the summit was dramatic: Buhl continued alone, after his companions had turned back, and arrived at 7 p.m.; the climbing being harder and more time consuming than he had anticipated. His descent was slowed when he lost a crampon, and caught by darkness he was forced to bivouac standing upright on a narrow ledge, holding a small handhold with one hand. Exhausted, he dozed occasionally, but managed to maintain his balance. He was also very fortunate to have a calm night so he was not subjected to wind chill. He finally reached his high camp at 7 p.m. the next day, 40 hours after setting off.<ref>{{

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}}{{#if:||.}} {{#if:|}}</ref> The ascent was made without oxygen, and Buhl is the only man to have made the first ascent of an 8000m peak alone.

Subsequent attempts and ascents

The second ascent of Nanga Parbat was via the Diamir Face, in 1962, by Germans Toni Kinshofer, S. Löw, and A. Mannhardt. This route is now the "standard route" on the mountain. The Kinshofer route does not ascend the middle of the Diamir Face, which is threatened by avalanches from massive hanging glaciers. Instead it climbs a buttress on the left side of the face.

File:Northern Areas 38b.jpg

Rupal Face

In 1970 Reinhold and Günther Messner reached the summit via a direct route on the huge, difficult Rupal Face; this was the third ascent of the mountain. Their descent was epic: they were unable to descend their ascent route, and instead made the first traverse of the mountain, going down the Diamir Face. Unfortunately Günther was killed in an avalanche on the Diamir. (Messner's account of this incident was disputed, and cast a further shadow over this achievement. In 2005 Günther's remains were found on the Diamir Face.)

In 1978 Reinhold Messner returned to the Diamir Face and achieved the first completely solo ascent (i.e. always solo above Base Camp) of an 8,000m peak.

In 1984 the French climber Lilliane Barrard became the first woman to climb Nanga Parbat, along with her husband Maurice Barrard.

Among other ascents of the peak, the 1985 ascent by Jerzy Kukuczka et al stands out. They climbed a bold line up the Southeast Pillar (or Polish Spur) on the right-hand side of the Rupal Face.

File:RakhiotBaseCamp.jpg

Nisar Hussein resting at 4,100 meters. Taken near the Raikot Base Camp

Recently some well-known climbers have been attempting very quick ascents of the Rupal Face. In particular, late summer of 2005 was a busy time on the face. In August, Pakistani military helicopters rescued renowned Slovenian mountaineer Tomaž Humar, who was stuck under a narrow ice ledge at 5,900 metres for six days.<ref>{{

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}}{{#if:||.}} {{#if:|}}</ref> It is believed to be one of the few successful rescues carried out at such high altitude. In September 2005, Vince Anderson and noted alpinist Steve House did an extremely lightweight, fast ascent of a new, direct route on the face, earning high praise from the climbing community.<ref name="alpinist_15">Alpinist 15 on the Anderson/House ascent</ref>

On the 17th or 18th of July 2006, José Antonio Delgado Sucre, an elite high altitude climber from Venezuela, died a few days after making the summit, where he was caught by bad weather for 6 straight days and was not able to make his way down. He was the only Venezuelan climber, and one of the few Latin Americans, to have summited five eight-thousanders.<ref name="Sucre">NANGA PARBAT 2006</ref> Part of the expedition and the rescue efforts at base camp were captured on video as José Antonio Delgado Sucre was the subject of a pilot for a mountaineering television series <ref name="Sucre">NANGA PARBAT 2006</ref>. Explorart Films, the production company, later developed the project into a feature documentary film called Beyond the Summit, which is scheduled to be released theatrically in South America in January of 2008 <ref name="maslla">Mas Alla de la Cumbre - Beyond the Summit</ref>.

References in popular culture

File:Northern Areas 68.jpg

View from Latbo village. Notice a tiny yellow tent at the bottom right.

In the first chapter of Mistress of Mistresses, by E.R. Eddison, the narrator compares his now deceased compatriot, Lessingham, to Nanga Parbat in a beautifully descriptive passage:

"I remember, years later, his describing to me the effect of the sudden view you get of Nanga Parbat from one of those Kashmir valleys; you have been riding for hours among quiet richly wooded scenery, winding up along the side of some kind of gorge, with nothing very big to look at, just lush, leafy, pussy-cat country of steep hillsides and waterfalls; then suddenly you come round a corner where the view opens up the valley, and you are almost struck senseless by the blinding splendour of that vast face of ice-hung precipices and soaring ridges, sixteen thousand feet from top to toe, filling a whole quarter of the heavens at a distance of, I suppose, only a dozen miles. And now, whenever I call to mind my first sight of Lessingham in that little daleside church so many years ago, I think of Nanga Parbat." (MoM, 1967, p.2-3)

File:Nanga Parbat 045b.jpg

Nearby Peaks

Notes

1 | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{1}}} }} }} }}" {{#if: | style="-moz-column-width:{{{colwidth}}}; column-width:{{{colwidth}}};" | {{#if: | style="-moz-column-count:{{{1}}}; column-count:{{{1}}};" }} }}> Unknown extension tag "references"

Sources

File:Nanga02.jpg

A View Of Nanga Parbat From Thalichi, a village on the KKH

Ahmed Hasan Dani, Chilas: The City of Nanga Parvat (Dyamar). 1983. ASIN B0000CQDB2
Alpenvereinskarte "Nanga Parbat", 1:50,000, Deutsche Himalaya Expedition 1934.
Andy Fanshawe and Stephen Venables, Himalaya Alpine-Style, Hodder and Stoughton, 1995.
Audrey Selkeld (editor), World Mountaineering, Bulfinch, 1998.
American Alpine Journal
Himalayan Index
DEM files for the Himalaya (Corrected versions of SRTM data)
Guardian International story on Gunther Messner
Climbing magazine, April 2006.

External Links

Template:Side box

Nanga Parbat on Peakware
Nanga Parbat on summitpost.org
A mountain list ranked by local relief and steepness showing Nanga Parbat as the World #1

Template:Eight-thousander am:ናንጋ ፓርባት bg:Нанга Парбат bn:নাঙ্গা পর্বত be:Гара Нангапарбат ca:Nanga Parbat cs:Nanga Parbat cy:Nanga Parbat da:Nanga Parbat de:Nanga Parbat et:Nanga Parbat es:Nanga Parbat eu:Nanga Parbat fr:Nanga Parbat gl:Nanga Parbat ko:낭가파르밧 산 io:Nanga Parbat it:Nanga Parbat lt:Nanga Parbatas nl:Nanga Parbat ja:ナンガ・パルバット no:Nanga Parbat nn:Nanga Parbat pl:Nanga Parbat pt:Nanga Parbat ro:Nanga Parbat ru:Нанга Парбат simple:Nanga Parbat sk:Nanga Parbat sl:Nanga Parbat fi:Nanga Parbat sv:Nanga Parbat tr:Nanga Parbat ur:نانگا پربت zh:南迦帕尔巴特峰

From Pakzee

Location

Notable features

Layout of the mountain

Climbing history

Early attempts

First ascent

Subsequent attempts and ascents

References in popular culture

Nearby Peaks

See also

Notes

Sources

External Links